Friday, May 31, 2019

Castle Rackrent Essay example -- Literary Analysis, Maria Edgeworth

The story of Castle Rackrent as told by Maria Edgeworth has galore(postnominal) diverse characters that argon sometimes over looked for the main character Thady. Kit Kincaide, an author who voiced his opinions of Thady as a person who has no understanding of the true reasons for the events that goes on or so him. Kincaide states Thady is a narrator with so little understanding of the events he recalls, and with no ability at all to see any perspective but the narrowly defined, ill-informed viewpoint from which he interprets these events, that he can non fathom the irony the reader elicits from the text his words create (Kincaide 251). Kincaide shows what kind of man Thady is, and by explaining how Thady is un alpha for the story. The most important character is in fact Thadys son Jason, if he was not in the story many of the events would not have transpired. In light of the acts that were going away on in the 1790s such as the 1798 Rebellion and the Act of Union, one can easily se e why Jason personality is one of self-preservation and elevation. It is heavy to understand why Edgeworth would not spend more time developing a character as important as Jason, who provides momentum to the story. Yet as one farther reads in to the text they will find more about Jason from what is not said, such as what kind of Irish men Jason is. though it is hard to tell what aspect of the Irish Edgeworth uses Jason to represent because of his numerous traits, it could be argued that Jason shows the more clever and ruthless side of the Irish. As the story of Castle Rackrent unfolds, many key events are able to happen with the help of Jason, the cunning and unfeeling Irish man who was able to trick his Anglo-Irish counterpart. Since the story was meant for the ... ...s of him, even to the point where his male parent disowned him. Yet if one looks deeper in to the role Jason played one could see that he set many things in motions. If he did not become a lawyer, he probably woul d not have done the books for the Rackrent estate. Then he would never have become aware of the debt the Rackrents were in, and if that had not have happened he would not have bought the whole estate and Sir Condy would have drowned in his debt. The Rackrents would have ended one way or another because of their frivolous lifestyle, Jason was just helping it along. Edgeworth universe Anglo-Irish herself may have purposely given Jason these traits to show how the Irish must be taken care of by those with the power to do so. Jason was not a scoundrel in the story he was just a man who sought to gain power for him even if it meant stepping on some toes to get there.

Thursday, May 30, 2019

Essay --

The United States civil rights movement was a constant battle for the rights and freedom of African Americans. Martin Luther major power Jr., the leader of the civil right movement, was hosting a non-violent protest in Birmingham city. However, the protest did not go as planned and King was arrested for agitating the public. Many pesterer white clergymen were angered and upset over the Ungodly act. As a result,the Clergymen wrote a statement that claimed Martin Luther King Jr. to be an extremist. Martin Luther King Jr. responds to the clergymens statement while residing in Birmingham jail by writing a letter using the ethical, emotional, and logical bring ups to defend his actions.Martin Luther King Jr. uses the emotional appeal most often than any other appeal and using it to his advantage, he makes it extremely effective in persuading the reviewer. He uses emotional appeal in many another(prenominal) ways throughout his letter from Birmingham Jail. In genius of the ways, he u ses strong words as one of the most effective ways to relate to the reader and make them feel connected to him. He mentions in his letter that When you switch seen vicious mobs lynch your mothers and fathers at will and drown your sisters and brothers at whim when you have seen hate-filled policemen curse, kick and even kill your black brothers and sisters. Words such as vicious lynch, drown, hate-filled, curse, kick, and kill are all strong words that persuade a negative picture in the readers mind. Such examples he uses to define the evil acts of segregation appeals to the reader as unjust and unfair. King uses most of his emotional appeals from center(prenominal) through the letter and keeps using it until the end. King relates himself to the audience, the clergymen, and shows the similarities ... ...my own hometown, like Paul, I must constantly respond to the Macedonian call for aid to show how they some(prenominal) were compelled to carry out a message one being the gospel of Jesus Christ and the latter being human equality (p.61). By study himself to historical figures he makes numbers of ethical appeals and he builds up the authors character. His use of owing(p) leaders can have a great influence in the reader and have an effect on the emotions of the reader. Martin Luther King Jr. makes excellent use of all three of Aristotles appeals to respond to the clergymens accusations. However, he took most advantage of the emotional appeal in order to move the reader and to be able to capture the attention of his audience. Dr. King was one of the greatest speakers in history. He was able to move millions of people with his powerful speeches. Once again, he is successful.

Essays --

The Monterey Bay Sea Otters There atomic number 18 a number of sea otters who are an serious part of this world and they form a fairly large population and that is why it is felt that they should be preserved at all costs. They are an great source of earning for the people and they are also important in the sense that they provide an important source of earning to the people and their is an entire group of people who economic consumption this field as their source of earning. Besides the population of these otters keeps fluctuating and it has to be maintained because if the number fluctuate exponentially and if they get out of hand they depose damage the ecological and the environmental balance of the world. Similarly the fishing and the killing of these otters buttocks cause the damage to the balance because just like the excess of anything can cause a problem similarly the excess supply can cause a lot of major problem as well. These otters vary in sizes and this is an unch artered territory with a number of parasites who do vary in species and sizes and they all have their purposes and pros and cons and they impact our biography and the balance of the world in a different manner. As the size varies so does the importance of the otters and the smaller ones might be innocuous while the larger ones can be the source of intellectual nourishment as well and some of the larger species can also act as the predators and they act as a deterrent for the other species because they keep the ensure over the other species. They may pose a hazard of some type in some of the cases but their habitats and their productive cycles are all the things that penury to be considered by us as human beings. Similarly their eating habits and appetites can alter and impact our world and our actions and reactions an... ...nd we can predict the process of growth and we will be able to go ahead of our own times. Otters have a huge family which have a number of sublets and a n umber of branches which are all interlinked and which share a similar history and that is why we need to prioritize the study and we need to study all of them in some detail. That is why in the recent past it is being felt that the time has come for to bring together information from a wide array of sea otter research. We also need to study and assess the risk of disease and threats to the wild sea otter population. Preservation of their health should be our prime concern. They are an important part of our life and we have been interacting with them for ages now and it high time that we started understanding the complexities and the intricacies of these species we would be able to relate to them in some detail.

Wednesday, May 29, 2019

Alcohol and Drinking - America Must Lower the Drinking Age :: Argumentative Persuasive Topics

the States Must Lower the Drinking AgeIn other countries slightly the world if you are under the age of 21 you can drink alcohol some countries dont even have an age limit, but in America you have to be 21 to defile alcohol. You can go to war and die for your country when you are 18, you can also vote, buy cigarettes, but you cant buy alcohol. One of the main causes of the drinking age universe set to 21 was teenagers were getting into car accidents after getting drunk. I am not manifestation control under the influence should be legal. What I am saying is there should be more government programs to educate and prevent people from driving intoxicated.More and more people under the age of 21 are experiencing alcohol. A survey released by the Texas Commission on Alcohol and Drug revilement (TCADA) found that by the time Texas teenagers are seniors in high school, more than 80% of the teens admit to having some experience with alcohol. The same study found that alternative stu dents say its easy to get beer, wine or liquor. (qtd. in Westbrook) Texas is a zero tolerance state for underage drinking it has some of the strictest penalties for underage drinking, and if 80% of the teenagers in Texas have had experiences with alcohol that tells me that the campaigns against underage drinking, and zero tolerance programs are not working. Teens are going to drink alcohol at one purport of their lives. So instead of spending all this money to prevent teens from drinking maybe it should go toward programs, or educating these teens about alcohol so they can plant a informed decision about drinking. There are programs now that educate people under the age of 21 about alcohol. These programs are being implemented in colleges around the country, and are about the choices of using alcohol. At the University of Virginia they are taking a more of an old-fashioned approach to educating college students about alcohol use. They are using two, two-and-a-half hour courses in class rooms called Choices. They are boasting high results from this program a total of 75 percent of participants say they planned to reduce how much they drink in the future, while 85 percent indicated they had spoken to a friend. (Altamirano). If these programs have high success rates, I calculate these programs should be put in high schools as well.

Hospice Essays -- Papers

Hospice In my essay I will explain what hospices are, what they do and how they do it. I will also cover who do it to and what their response is to what the hospice have provided them with. This essay will also explain how the hospice is the alternative to euthanasia, pain and suffering. The Hospice movement represents one Christian response to pain and suffering. What is a Hospice? A hospice is a home for the care of terminally ill (People who are dying). The aim of a hospice is to improve the quality of lifetime of the dying person and bring relief to the family members. Hospices are different to hospitals because hospitals cure or treat patients for them to heal and go back into society until they need good dealling again from an accident or check up etc. However hospices take care of the people who know their time is near so they go to this hospice to ease their pain and suffering and living the rest of their days feeling loved and valued. Whe n they are in the Hospice they do not necessarily have to put up there and socialise with the other patients, they can also leave the hospice to go out and enjoy themselves. St Christophers Hospice ======================== The founder of the modern hospice movement in Britain is Dame Cicerly Saunders who was natural in (1918). She had first trained as a nurse but had to give up this because of a bad back. At one time of her race she became very close to a man named David Tasma. Dame Cicerly Saunders decided to set up the hospice because at the time of this relationship she realised there should be a place for the care of the sick people and wondered if she could set... ...because normally people would die with fear of what comes next but the hospice provides care for the mind so they have sleep of mind. I also think that the hospice is good because difficult problems should be faced. A man once said The key to immortality is living a life cost remembering. This quote actually came from Bruce Lee Im amazed that at his age he was able to think of such a philosophy. The Christians agree with hospices because it is an alternative to euthanasia. They believe this because if mortal went to ask for euthanasia and another to go to a hospice the person who went chose euthanasia would leave this world troubled because they dont know what is coming next. On the other hand the hospice gives them peace of mind and understanding that dont be afraid of god for he is merciful and loving.

Tuesday, May 28, 2019

The Banning of William Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet :: William Shakespeare Romeo and Juliet

Banning of the Book/Play Romeo And Juliet1. Brief Summary of the PlayThe story is happening in the city of Verona, where two respectfulhouses, Montague and Capulet, ar in rage for many years.The sun of Montague, Romeo, is deeply in love with Rosaline. As a "cure"for his love, his friend, Benvolio, suggests that he will go under veil to aparty in Capulet house.Romeo arrives at the party, where he meets Juliet, the daughter ofCapulet, and both fall in love immediately. Only after the party they discoverthat they atomic number 18 from rival houses. Romeo express his love to Juliet and the marrythe next day, secretly.Tybalt is enraged by Romeo unwanted "visit" and he swears revenge. He isinsulting Romeo and killing Mercutio, another Montague. Romeo kills Tybalt, andas a punishment, he is to leave Verona and never return. The Friar has a plan tounite again Romeo and Juliet, who is supposed to marry Paris by her fatherdemand. The friar makes a potion who will cause Juli et a temporary death-alikesituation, and she will not have to marry Paris. Juliet jibes, drinks theportion and apparently die, and the Friar sends a messenger to intercommunicate Romeo, butthe messenger fail to reach Romeo, and instead a friend of Romeo reaches him andtells him that Juliet is dead because he didnt knew that Juliet is onlyapparently dead because of the potion. Romeo buys a acerbate, comes back to Veronaand enters Juliet tomb. He kisses her, and suicide. A little after, Juliet wakeup, find her Romeo dead, and use Romeos dagger to suicide. Romeo and Capuletarrive at the tomb, and decide to stop the fighting between the families.2. Why was the book Banned.I think the book was banned because Romeo and Juliet suicide, (Romeodrinks poison and Juliet stabs herself). Juliet actually "angry" with Romeoafter he suicide because he didnt left her even a drop of poison ("Drunk all,and left no friendly drop To help me after ?") and people thought that this wille ncourage teenagers to suicide because of false love.3. Do you agree with the banning?I do not agree with the banning, although I do think it doesnt fit toan Elementary school or Jr. High, because of the hard spoken communication (I had reallyhard time figuring what some vocabulary is), although I wouldnt disallowstudents to read it, if they think they can, or willing to put as a good deal effort asit takes to fully understand the book, I would allow and even recommend it.

The Banning of William Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet :: William Shakespeare Romeo and Juliet

Banning of the Book/Play Romeo And Juliet1. Brief Summary of the PlayThe story is happening in the city of Verona, where two respectfulhouses, Montague and Capulet, ar in rage for many years.The sun of Montague, Romeo, is deeply in love with Rosaline. As a "cure"for his love, his friend, Benvolio, suggests that he will go under cover to aparty in Capulet house.Romeo arrives at the party, where he meets Juliet, the daughter ofCapulet, and both fall in love immediately. Only after the party they discoverthat they ar from rival houses. Romeo express his love to Juliet and the marrythe next day, secretly.Tybalt is enraged by Romeo unwanted "visit" and he swears revenge. He isinsulting Romeo and killing Mercutio, another Montague. Romeo kills Tybalt, andas a punishment, he is to leave Verona and never return. The Friar has a plan tounite again Romeo and Juliet, who is supposed to marry Paris by her fatherdemand. The beggar makes a potion who will cause Juliet a tempor ary death-alikesituation, and she will not have to marry Paris. Juliet marks, drinks theportion and apparently die, and the Friar sends a messenger to allege Romeo, butthe messenger fail to reach Romeo, and instead a friend of Romeo reaches him andtells him that Juliet is dead because he didnt knew that Juliet is onlyapparently dead because of the potion. Romeo buys a envenom, comes back to Veronaand enters Juliet tomb. He kisses her, and suicide. A little after, Juliet wakeup, find her Romeo dead, and use Romeos dagger to suicide. Romeo and Capuletarrive at the tomb, and decide to stop the fighting between the families.2. Why was the book Banned.I think the book was banned because Romeo and Juliet suicide, (Romeodrinks poison and Juliet stabs herself). Juliet actually "angry" with Romeoafter he suicide because he didnt left her even a drop of poison ("Drunk all,and left no friendly drop To help me after ?") and people thought that this willencourage teenagers to suicide because of false love.3. Do you agree with the banning?I do not agree with the banning, although I do think it doesnt fit toan Elementary school or Jr. High, because of the hard oral communication (I had reallyhard time figuring what some vocabulary is), although I wouldnt disallowstudents to read it, if they think they can, or willing to put as more effort asit takes to fully understand the book, I would allow and even recommend it.

Monday, May 27, 2019

Grammar Practice Test

I. Identify the clause elements in the pursual sentences (20 points, 2 point for each blank). 1. Saturn is one of the most beautiful planets to look at through a telescope because of the many rings that surround it. A. Complement_______________________________________________________ B. Adverbial________________________________________________________ 2. The boy scouts teach their members an Outdoor Code before they camp. A. Direct purpose_______________________________________________________ B. Indirect Object______________________________________________________ 3.The direction a hurricanes spiral moves is counterclockwise. A. Subject____________________________________________________________ B. Complement _______________________________________________________ 4. These criminals might have been guilty of murder. A. Predicate Verb _____________________________________________________ B. Complement ______________________________________________________ 5. Hurricane winds can blow as tumultuous as 180 miles (290 kilometers) an hour. A. Predicate Verb ____________________________________________________ B.Adverbial_______________________________________________________ II. Choose the best answer from the four choices marked A,B,C and D (80 points, 2 point for each multiple-choice question). 1. Recently, he has befogged all his _____ at cards. A. wages and saving B. wages and saving C. wage and savings D. wages and savings. 2. That magnificent _____ temple was constructed by the Chinese. A. eight-centuries-old B. old-eight-centuries C. eight-centurys-old D. eight-century-old 3. Why is there _______ dealings on the streets in February than in May?A. fewer B. less C. little D. fewer 4. The students spent ________ their time working in the field. A. two B. most C. more than D. half 5. There is a truck ____ the classroom. A. in the front of B. in front of C. in front D. at the front of 6. What is he? He is _____. A. a poet and novelist B. a poet and a novelist C. poet and novelist D. the poet and novelist 7. I am determined to go there ____ instead of taking a bus. A. on the foot B. on foot C. by foot D. on two feet 8. ___ Air and Space Museum has the highest attendance record of all the museums. A. A B. An C. The D. / 9. I dont take Johns pen because I dont like ____. A. that pen of his B. that his pen C. his that pen D. that pen of him 10. Our home is finer than ____. A. yours and him B. yours or his C. you and he D. yours and his 11. We roll ____ logical that not all plants can be put into practice. A. it B. that C. what D. which 12. It is a pity that ____ of her two husband has been capable of understanding her. A. either B. neither C. both D. each 13.It is one thing to enjoy listening to good music, but it is quite ____ to perform skillfully yourself. A. any other B. another C. other thing D. some other. 14. At least he was there in time to tell his adventures to Jim while Jim did ____ of the work. A. three-fourths B. thr ee-fourth C. threes-fourths D. threes-fourth 15. The wheels of the old wagon are nearly ____ those of a modern car. A. three times the size of B. three times size of C. three times D. threes times the sizes of 16. He ____ on me his own ideas or so the novel. A. unruffled B. proposed C. imposed D. pposed 17. At the present system, state enterprises ____ all profits to the government. A. turn down B. turn up C. turn out D. turn in 18. genuinely few scientists ____ completely new answers to the worlds problem. A. come up with B. come round C. come out D. come up to 19. Important mint dont often have much free time as their work ____ all their time. A. takes away B. takes over C. takes up D. takes in 20. This expression ____ more attention to the problem of cultural interference in foreign language teaching and leaning. A. cares for B. allows for C. applies for D. alls for 21. When a fire ____ at the National Exhibition in London, at least ten priceless paintings were completely d estroyed. A. broke off B. broke down C. broke out D. broke up 22. He got word that a delegation____. A. soon has arrived B. soon arrived C. is soon going to arrive D. would soon arrive 23. It has been about 7 years since they _____. A. got unite B. got marry C. get married D. have married 24. He left home in the 1970s and ____ heard of since. A. hadnt been B. wasnt C. not has been D. has not been 25. He ____ TV when I dropped in last night. A. as watching B. had watch C. watched D. have been watching 26. If one ____ by vanity, he provide be very particular about others clothing and appearance. A. overcomes B. will be overcome C. is overcome D. has been overcome 27. By promoting more even income distribution in a evolution country, a lower birth rate would ____. A. be achieved B. achieved C achieve D. be achieving 28. It is important that the hotel receptionist ____ that guests are registered correctly. A. has made sure B. must make sure C. made sure D. make sure 29. Had he worke d harder, he ____ the exams.A. must have got through B. would get through C. would have got through D. could get through. 30. I dont mind ____ the decision as long as it is not too late. A. you to delay B. your delaying making C. your delaying to make D. you delay to make. 31. The Dream of the deprivation Chamber is said ____ into dozens of languages in the last decade. A. to have been translated B. to translate C. to be translated D. to have translated 32. Silver is the best conductor of electricity, copper ____ it closely. A. followed B. to following C. following D. eing followed 33. All things ____, the planned trip will have to be called off. A. considered B. be considered C. considering D. having considered 34. It was essential that the application forms ____ back before the deadline. A. must be sent B. be sent C. would be sent D. were sent 35. ____ for your laziness, you could have finished the assignment by now. A. Had it not been B. Werent it C. It were not D. Had it been n ot 36. The suggestion that the mayor ____ the prizes was received by everyone. A. would present B. present C. ought to present D. presents 37.I dont think it advisable that Tome ____ to the job since he has no experience. A. is assigned B. be assigned C. will be assigned D. has been assigned 38. ____ such a good chance, he planned to learn more. A. To be given B. Having been given C. Having given D. Giving 39. I wish I ____ longer this morning, but I had to get up and come to class. A. could have slept B. should have slept C. slept D. have slept 40. Its already 5 oclock now. Dont you think its time ____? A. we are going home B. we went home C. we go home D. we can go home.

Sunday, May 26, 2019

How to Write a Descriptive Essay Essay

Edited by Nicole Eakin, Ben Rubenstein, Flickety, Kyrie Alazen and 28 others The key to composing the double-dyed(a) descriptive find is creating a vivid image in your readers intellect using the five experiences. Here ar close to go to help you create a strong descriptive canvas. Edit StepsMethod 1 of 3 Prewriting for your EssayPick a topic. descriptive shows loosely focus on a person, a bunk, an event, or a thing. Writers convey an idea close their topic by describing the topic for the reader in a show, not tell manner. Showing and not telling means that you samara a picture for your reader. For example, instead of saying, There were trees near the lake you could say, The lake st ard through the trees, a broad(a) grey eye trapped in a perpetual state of weeping.Create a thesis statement. A thesis statement is the idea that governs the full essay. It states the purpose of the get along-up and governs all of the information that is in the study.2 An example of a de scriptive thesis statement is My backyard is like a jungle. This thesis statement does not mean that your backyard is literally a jungle, but that the different aspects of your backyard make it seem like a jungle.Draw five columns on a piece of paper with each column labeled one of the five senses. These include taste, touch, sight, full, and smell. This list will help you keep your thoughts straight when describing your essay. Using your five senses, write pop up sensations and flavourings you associate with your topic.Review your list and choose the around dominant expatiate to write ab appear. These details should be the items that best support your thesis and are the most interesting. These details will be made into your body dissevers.Create an outline that lists what each paragraph of your essay is going todiscuss. Typically, middle and high schoolers writing descriptive essays will be asked to write a 5 paragraph essay.College level students and above nurture more free -reign regarding how long to make their essays. 5 paragraph essays are structured to include an introductory paragraph that includes a thesis statement, three body paragraphs proving your thesis statement, and a concluding paragraph that summarizes what you have said in the rest of your essay. Method 2 of 3 constitution your essayStructure your essay in a way that makes sense for your topic. If you are writing about an event, give your paragraphs a chronological order. If you are writing about a place or thing, try ordering your paragraphs so that they go from general to specific.6 exemplar First paragraph The things you notice when you hold off at a house from the outside. Second paragraph The sights, sounds, smells, tastes, feelings etc. that you experience when you are inside the house. Third paragraph A description of your darling section of the house.Write your introductory paragraph. The introductory paragraph establishes the main ideas of the essay and sets the tone. Thi s paragraph should include an introduction to your topic followed by your thesis statement.Create a topic sentence at the beginning of each body paragraph. This sentence lets your reader know what the paragraph is going to be about. It should be unmortgaged and concise. Each topic sentence should relate back to the thesis statement. Example Thesis statement My backyard is like a jungle that I love to explore. Topic Sentence When I climb a tree in my backyard, I feel like I am climbing a tall jungle tree.Write your body paragraphs based on your topic sentences. Body paragraphs are where you get to prove that your thesis is true. Always keep in my mind that e trulything you write in your body paragraph should relate to your topic sentence and your thesis.7 Example The trees in my backyard are filled with the music of birds. Emeralds leaves sway in sun-filled breeze.Provide sensory details that support your thesis. wont literary tools like descriptive adjectives, similes, metaphors a nd personification. Smells (The scent of the newly opened rose danced sweetly upon the wind.) Sounds (When she laughed, a wild array of exotic birds burst from within her it was pretty to look at but there was a lot of squawking involved.) Sights (The beach curved into a smiling above a flowing blue beard that some dates grew too high and was then shaved away.) Taste (The sugar plum filled my let the cat out of the bag with memories of Christmas mornings long past.) Touch (The ferns brushed like a whisper against my skin.)Write your conclusion. Your conclusion should summarize everything you have written in your essay. It should also restate your thesis. It is consequential to have a well-written conclusion because it is the last thing the reader will read, and will stay in his or her mind the longest. Method 3 of 3 Finalizing your essayTake a break from working after you have finished writing. Stepping away from your writing helps you to clear your head. You will be able to look at your essay the way your reader would look at it once you have taken a break from working on it.Read your essay with the reader in mind. Ask yourself Does the essay unfold in a way that helps the reader ascertain the subject? Are whatsoever of the paragraphs more puzzling than descriptive? Does the word choice and figurative language convey what you are trying to express about the topic? Are there enough details to give the reader a complete picture? Do the details in the essay help the reader understand what the topic means to the source?Read your essay out loud. By reading out loud, you rat more easily locate sections of the essay that might be awkward or confusing.Get someone else to read your essay. Does it make sense to them? Do they think you should add or delete anything?Proofread your essay for grammar, spelling, and punctuation errors. Deletecliches.TipsUse all of the senses in a descriptive essay.Dont use nondescript adjectives like nice. Use a thesaurus and get som e new and interesting words, like effervescent. Try not to use the word I in your sentences.Descriptive EssaysSummaryThe Modes of DiscourseExposition, Description, Narration, Argumentation (EDNA)are uncouth paper assignments you may encounter in your writing classes. Although these genres have been criticized by some composition scholars, the Purdue OWL recognizes the wide spread use of these approaches and students need to understand and produce them. What is a descriptive essay?The descriptive essay is a genre of essay that asks the student to describe somethingobject, person, place, experience, emotion, situation, etc. This genre encourages the students ability to create a written level of a particular experience. What is more, this genre allows for a great deal of artistic freedom (the goal of which is to paint an image that is vivid and moving in the mind of the reader). One might benefit from keeping in mind this simple maxim If the reader is futile to clearly form an impre ssion of the thing that you are describing, try, try again Here are some guidelines for writing a descriptive essay.Take time to brainstormIf your instructor asks you to describe your favorite food, make sure that you jot down some ideas before you begin describing it. For instance, if you choose pizza, you might start by writing down a a few(prenominal) words sauce, cheese, crust, pepperoni, sausage, spices, hot, melted, etc. Once you have written down some words, you can begin by collect descriptive lists for each one. Use clear and concise language.This means that words are chosen carefully, particularly for their relevancy in relation to that which you are intending to describe. contract vividlanguage.Why use one dollar bill when you can choose stallion? Why not use tempestuous instead of violent? Or wherefore not miserly in place of cheap? Such choices form a firmer image in the mind of the reader and often times draw out nuanced meanings that serve better ones purpose. U se your sensesRemember, if you are describing something, you need to be appealing to the senses of the reader. Explain how the thing smelled, felt, sounded, tasted, or looked. Embellish the moment with senses. What were you thought?If you can describe emotions or feelings relate to your topic, you will connect with the reader on a deeper level. Many have felt crushing loss in their lives, or ecstatic joy, or indulgent complacency. Tap into this emotional reservoir in order to achieve your full descriptive potential. Leave the reader with a clear impression.One of your goals is to evoke a strong sense of familiarity and appreciation in the reader. If your reader can walk away from the essay craving the very pizza you just described, you are on your way to writing effective descriptive essays. Be organizedIt is easy to fall into an incoherent rambling of emotions and senses when writing a descriptive essay. However, you must filter out to present an organized and logical descripti on if the reader is to come away from the essay with a cogent sense of what it is you are attempting to describe.How to Write a Descriptive Essay EssayDescriptive essays are often subjective tasks. The get-go issue at hand is to make sure you know what type of paper you are writing. The descriptive essay is often creative, personal, or scarcely artistic. Discuss the assignment with your professor or instructor before you begin. Even though your descriptive essay is more personal than a standard five-paragraph or compare-contrast essay, there is still quite a maculation of homework to be done. Here is a list of important rules to follow as your write this essay.1. Understand the concept2. Do your research3. Outline the paper4. Write the paper5. Re-write the paper6. Edit (outside editors).Descriptive essays rely on their nominal stature. It is more important to use imagery and metaphorical language than scientific data. Descriptive essays are not mathematic entries, nor are they a lways factual. They are opinions. Consequently, you can try to write and describe anything you desire. You simply have to do it well. As abominable as that sounds, your professors and teachers will tell you the same thing. Here are some tips to remember when writing your descriptive essay1. Actually describe something2. Use cover and abstract images3. Use concrete and abstract ideas4. Do not go overboard with adjectives and adverbs5. Do not go overboard with similes and metaphors6. Give it to someone else to see if your essay actually describes something. While it may seem rather vague initially, sometimes a descriptive essay can be the most liberating and pleasing essay to write. You are just writing something as you see it. If you can prove and describe an idea or image in language, then you have accomplished your task. Documentation and hard research are not always necessary components (although they may be).What is a Descriptive Essay?http//owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource /685/03/The descriptive essay is a genre of essay that asks the student to describe an object, person, place, experience, emotion, situation, etc. This genre encourages the students ability to create a written account of a particular experience. What is more, this genre allows for a great deal of artistic freedom (the goal of which is to paint an image that is vivid and moving in the mind of the reader). One might benefit from keeping in mind this simple maxim If the reader is unable to clearly form an impression of the thing that you are describing, try, try again Here are some guidelines for writing a descriptive essayTake time to brainstormIf your instructor asks you to describe your favorite food, make sure that you jot down some ideas before you begin describing it. For instance, if you choose pizza, you might start by writing down a few words sauce, cheese, crust, pepperoni, sausage, spices, hot, melted, etc. Once you have written down some words, you can begin by compiling de scriptive lists for each one. Use clear and concise language.This means that words are chosen carefully, particularly for their relevancy in relation to that which you are intending to describe. Choose vivid language.Why use horse when you can choose stallion? Why not use tempestuous instead of violent? Or why not miserly in place of cheap? Such choices form a firmer image in the mind of the reader and often times offer nuanced meanings that serve better ones purpose. Use your sensesRemember, if you are describing something, you need to be appealing to the senses of the reader. Explain how the thing smelled, felt, sounded, tasted, or looked. Embellish the moment with senses. What were you thinking?If you can describe emotions or feelings related to your topic, you will connect with the reader on a deeper level. Many have felt crushing loss in their lives, or ecstatic joy, or mild complacency. Tap into this emotional reservoir in order to achieve your full descriptive potential. Leav e thereader with a clear impression.One of your goals is to evoke a strong sense of familiarity and appreciation in the reader. If your reader can walk away from the essay craving the very pizza you just described, you are on your way to writing effective descriptive essays. Be organizedIt is easy to fall into an incoherent rambling of emotions and senses when writing a descriptive essay. However, you must strive to present an organized and logical description if the reader is to come away from the essay with a cogent sense of what it is you are attempting to describe. How to Write a Descriptive Essayby WriteExpress Staff Writershttp//www.writeexpress.com/descriptive-essay.htmlMore than many other types of essays, descriptive essays strive to create a deeply involved and vivid experience for the reader. outstanding descriptive essays achieve this affect not through facts and statistics but by using detailed observations and descriptions. What do you want to describe?As you get star ted on your descriptive essay, its important for you to identify exactly what you want to describe. Often, a descriptive essay will focus on portraying one of the pursuancea persona placea memoryan experiencean objectUltimately, whatever you can perceive or experience can be the focus of your descriptive writing. Why are you writing your descriptive essay?Its a great creative exercise to sit down and simply describe what you observe. However, when writing a descriptive essay, you often have a particular reason for writing your description. Getting in touch with this reason can help you focus your description and imbue your language with a particular place or emotion. Example Imagine that you want to write adescriptive essay about your grandfather. Youve chosen to write about your grandfathers physical appearance and the way that he interacts with people.However, rather than providing a general description of these aspects, you want to convey your admiration for his strength and ki ndness. This is your reason for writing the descriptive essay. To achieve this, you might focus one of your paragraphs on describing the roughness of his hands, roughness resulting from the boil of his work throughout his life, but you might also describe how he would hold your hands so gently with his rough hands when having a parley with you or when taking a walk. How should you write your description?If theres one thing you should remember as you write your descriptive essay, its the storied saying show dont tell. But whats the difference between showing and telling? Consider these two simple examples1. I grew shopworn after dinner.2. As I leaned back and rested my head against the top of the chair, my eyelids began to feel heavy, and the edges of the empty plate in front of me blurred with the white tablecloth. The first sentence tells readers that you grew tired after dinner. The second sentence shows readers that you grew tired. The most effective descriptive essays are lo aded with such showing because they enable readers to imagine or experience something for themselves. As you write your descriptive essay, the best way to create a vivid experience for your readers is to focus on the five senses.sightsoundsmelltouchtasteWhen you focus your descriptions on the senses, you provide vivid and specific details that show your readers rather than tell your readers what you are describing. Quick Tips for Writing Your Descriptive EssayWriting a descriptive essay can be a rich and rewarding experience, but it can also feel a bit complicated. Its helpful, therefore, to keep a quickchecklist of the essential questions to keep in mind as you plan, draft, and revise your essay. Planning your descriptive essayWhat or who do you want to describe?What is your reason for writing your description?What are the particular qualities that you want to focus on? Drafting your descriptive essayWhat sights, sounds, smells, tastes, and textures are important for developing you r description? Which details can you include to ensure that your readers gain a vivid impression imbued with your emotion or perspective? Revising your descriptive essayHave you provided enough details and descriptions to enable your readers to gain a complete and vivid perception? Have you left out any minor but important details?Have you used words that convey your emotion or perspective? Are there any unnecessary details in your description?Does each paragraph of your essay focus on one aspect of your description? Are you paragraphs ordered in the most effective way?

Saturday, May 25, 2019

Prepartion of Primary Standard

Experiment 2 Preparation of Primary Standard solutions and Standardizing Acid and Base solutions Objectives The objective of this sample is 1- To prepare two primary normal solutions, KHP and Na2CO3 2- To standardize a sodium hydroxide solution using the prepared primary standard KHP. 3- To standardize a hydrochloric acid solution using the prepared primary standard Na2CO3. 4- To calculate the concentration of an unknow acid or base. Introduction A primary standard is a standard that is accurate enough that it is not calibrated.For a compound to be considered as a primary standard it should have several grave characteristics, the most important of which are high purity, stability, low hygroscopicity, high solubility, and high molar view. A primary standard solution is a solution of cognize concentration made from a primary standard. Primary standard solutions are used in determining the concentrations of other solutions to an extremely high accuracy. They are typically used in titrations and other analysis techniques as standardization solutions.A secondary standard solution, such as HCl solution, is a solution which must be convertible first against a primary standard, but afterwards, it ordain be stable enough for titrimetric work (Titration). Titration involves the gradual addition of a solution of accurately known concentration (standard solution) to another solution of unknown concentration (or vice versa), until the chemical response is complete. Titrations are based on reactions which go to completion rapidly. A reaction is complete when stoichiometric amounts of the reacting substances are combined.This is the stoichiometric point (equivalence point) in the titration. The equivalence point is detected visually using an indicator. An indicator is a substance (added at the beginning of the titration to the flaskful) that changes color at (or very near) the equivalence point. The point where the indicator actually changes color is called the end p oint of the titration. In this experiment, two primary standards will be used. The first is potassium hydrogen phthalate (KHC8H4O4, abbreviated as KHP, molar mass = 204. 23 g/mol), an acid primary standard which will be used to standardize a sodium hydroxide solution.The structure of KHP is shown below O COH CO K O The chemical equation of the reaction eject be written as KHP(aq) + NaOH(aq) ? Or, expressed as a net ionic equation, HP-(aq) + OH-(aq) ? P2-(aq) + H2O(l) The second primary standard to be used is sodium carbonate, Na2CO3 (molar mass = 105. 99), a base, by which a hydrochloric acid solution will be standardized. The chemical equation of the reaction is 2HCl(aq) + Na2CO3(aq) CO2 (g) + 2NaCl(aq) + H2O(aq) KNaP(aq) + H2O(l) The reaction above yields CO2, which dissolves into the solution to generate an acid.The presence of dissolved CO2 thus interferes with the pH and the detection of the end point of the titration. However, the CO2 can be driven off by change state the solution, enabling an accurate titration. Procedure I. Standardization of NaOH a. Preparation of the acid primary standard 1. Obtain a bottle containing 2g of KHP and measure it with the cap on the uninflected balance. Record the mass in hedge 2. I. 2. slay the unanimous KHP to a 100. 0 mL volumetric flask using a funnel, re-stopper the bottle and weigh it. Record the mass in Table 2. I. 3.Rinse the funnel to wash any sticking solid using a washing bottle and add to a greater extent dis processed urine into the volumetric flask to dissolve the KHP (1/2 its capacity). Swirl the flask make sure to dissolve the solid completely. Add more(prenominal) water (2/3) and spin again. Dilute to the mark carefully, stopper or cover with a parafilm paper and invert several times with swirling to equalise the KHP solution. b. Preparation of an approximately 0. 1 M NaOH solution 1. Obtain about 6 mL of a 50 % (w/v) NaOH solution in a clean and modify graduated cylinder from the stockroom . Transfer the NaOH to a clean 1L polyethylene bottle.Fill the rest of the polyethylene bottle with double distilled water to the mark. Shake thoroughly to homogenize. 2. Rinse your buret, after washing it with distilled water, with few mL of the NaOH solution allow some solution to flow out through the lower end. Fill the rinsed buret with NaOH, make sure that the tip is filled with no air bubbles. c. Standardization of NaOH 1. Pipet a 10. 00 mL aliquot of the primary standard KHP solution into a one hundred twenty-five mL Erlenmeyer flask. Add 25 mL of distilled water and two drops of phenolphthalein indicator. Record the buret course session (use a white card as background to make haste reading the buret).Put a white cover or paper below the Erlenmeyer flask and start titrating by adding NaOH continuously and with constant swirling of the flask. A pink color appears locally and disappears on swirling continue titration till a faint pink color persists. Take the lower reading of the buret. The first titration is usually a rapid one. 2. Repeat the titration slowly three more times. Record data in Table 2. II. 3. Calculate the average molarity. II. Standardization of HCl a. Preparation of the base primary standard 1. Obtain a bottle containing 1g of dry Na2CO3 and weigh it with the cap on the analytical balance.Record the mass in Table 2. III. 2. Transfer the solid Na2CO3 to a 100 mL volumetric flask using a funnel, re-stopper the bottle and weigh it. Record the mass in Table 2. III. 3. Rinse the funnel to wash any sticking solid using a washing bottle and add more distilled water into the volumetric flask to dissolve the Na2CO3 (1/2 its capacity). Swirl the flask make sure to dissolve the solid completely. Add more water (2/3) and swirl again. Dilute to the mark carefully, stopper or cover with a parafilm paper and invert several times with swirling to homogenize the solution. b.Standardization of HCl 1. Get around 200 mL of HCl solution using a beaker a nd cover with a watch glass. 2. Rinse your buret, after washing it with distilled water, with few mL of the HCl solution allow some solution to flow out through the lower end. Fill the rinsed buret with HCl, make sure that the tip is filled with no air bubbles. 3. Pipet a 10. 00 mL aliquot of the primary standard Na2CO3 solution into a cxxv mL Erlenmeyer flask. Add 25 mL of distilled water and two drops of bromocresol green indicator. Record the buret reading (use a white card as background to facilitate reading the buret).Put a white cover below the Erlenmeyer flask and start titrating by adding HCl continuously and with constant swirling of the flask until a change of color from blue to faint green. Boil the solution to free CO2. The color should return to blue. Carefully add HCl from the buret until the solution turns green again and report the volume of acid at this point. Keep the solution as reference for color for the other titrations. 4. Repeat the titration slowly three m ore times. Record data in Table 2. IV. c. Titration of blank 1. Add to a 125 mL Erlenmeyer flask 50 mL of distilled water and two drops of bromocresol green ndicator. Titrate with your HCl solution to faint green. Subtract the volume of HCl needed for the blank from that postulate to titrate Na2CO3. 2. Calculate the mean HCl molarity. III. Determining the concentration of an unknown a. Qualitative identification of the unknown 1. Obtain an unknown from the stockroom and record its number in the report. Add two drops of the phenolphthalein indicator. 2. Identify if it is an acidic or a basic unknown. Record your observation. b. Titration of the acidity in an unknown acid solution 1. Fill your burette with either HCl or NaOH according to your observation in the previous part. . Pipet a 25 mL aliquot of the unknown solution into a 125 mL Erlenmeyer flask. Add two drops of the needed indicator (either phenolphthalein or bromocresol green). Record the buret reading (use a white card as background to facilitate reading the buret). Put a white tile or paper below the Erlenmeyer flask and start titrating by adding HCl or NaOH continuously and with constant swirling of the flask until a change of color according to the indicator being used. Record the lower reading of the buret. (Note if your unknown is a base, remember to boil the solution as in part II. before proceeding with the titration to the end) 3. Repeat the titration slowly three more times. Record data in Table 2. V. Reference Harris, Quantitative chemical Analysis, 7th Ed. Student Name______________ Student ID _______________ Experiment 2 Date_____________ Section___________ Preparation of Primary Standard solutions and Standardizing Acid and Base solutions Purpose Data and calculation I. Standardization of NaOH Table 2. I Preparation of the acid primary standard Mass of vial + cap + KHP Mass of vial (empty)+ cap Mass of KHP hatful of solution M KHP = ___________________ Table 2.II Standardization of the NaOH Solution Trial 1 2 3 Upper buret reading (mL) Lower buret reading (mL) Volume of NaOH (mL) Volume of KHP aliquot =________________________ V NaOH = ____________________________________ ______________________________ M NaOH (average) = II. Standardization of HCl Table 2. III Preparation of the base primary standard Mass of vial + cap + Na2CO3 Mass of vial (empty)+ cap Mass of Na2CO3 Volume of solution M Na2CO3 = ___________________ Table 2. IV Standardization of the HCl Solution Trial 1 2 3 Upper buret reading (mL) Lower buret reading (mL) Volume of HCl (mL) Volume of HCl for blank (mL)Volume of Na2CO3 aliquot =_________________ V HCl = ___________________________________ M HCl (average)= ____________________________ III. Determining the concentration of an unknown unfathomable = Unknown identity = Volume of unknown (aliquot) = Table 2. V Determination of the Concentration of an Unknown Trial 1 2 3 Upper buret reading (mL) Lower buret reading (mL) Volume of HCl or NaOH (mL) Volume for blank (mL) V standard (average) = _______________________ M unknown (average) = _____________________________

Thursday, May 23, 2019

Logistic: Inventory and Total Logistics Cost

grant bowed stringed instrument is a net form of logisticalal governances. Logistics concerns unmatched beau mondes system. deliver bowed stringed instrument includes variant companies. E. G. dingle com thrower the logistics is Just their beau monde save the tack chain includes all told the fortune providers. Their logistics system is a contribution of dells contribute chain. It includes excessively the retailers and supplier. new(prenominal) companys logistics included in Dells cede chain. Logistics is an archeozoic version of the supply chain. Logistics originated in the US military. F scurvy of motor mold fulling ( mickle, weapon in war is logistics. ) Organizing a cut/seminar logistics needed for success.Today all the successful companies meet n matchless their competitiveness from logistics, non from the product itself. E. G. Walter (retailer, wholesaler, supermarket chain) their competitive edge comes from logistics. They argon non selling any thing diffe rakehell from others. They throw a superior logistics system. Logistics make them succeed. Dell besides, servicing is good, p sift passive success comes from logistics. A nonher definition hatful describe logistics differently but they mean the like thing. Slide Logistics/ sen sequencent 4 kind of of saying process, they say optimization, and so forth Process of location.Says movement and destruction of resources instead of saying goods/ utilitys and education. They call logistic activities economic activities. Trans style is one of thusly, port ser iniquitys, occupation, storage, scattering, and so forth take mall bet. The point of origin and point of destination and inlet. Logistics is slightly the 5 RSI. What argon the 5 RSI? Logistics is astir(predicate) getting right goods at right break through at right clock in right form at right price. armament is really more or less this. In mercantile entities we empha surface on the price a lot. This is also the definition of logistics.Right goods, right in quality in ref practise quantity. Different level of logistics. In-bound, out-bound logistics. Logistics of exertion (table, book, car, etc. ), in that respect atomic number 18 two levels of logistics. Logistics at heart the action process in the factory. How do you optimize the production within the factory? We call this operational logistics or workers in concert. How do you put temporary storage along the assembly blood distribution channel? All this is logistics. E. G. WHIM library leave out of office. How to maximize space? Library space layout. Its about logistics. Different factories obtain different layouts this is logistics.We are vexed in logistics before the production starts. The cargo approaching into the factory and when the production is finished, the cargo go out to the next step all towards the final consumption. This is what we call in-bound and out-bound logistics. This is what we are e nkindleed in. Mari cartridge clip remove takes quality in inbound and out-bound logistics than for production logistics. We are reposeested in how to move material to production and from production to consumers. When we try to under(a)(a)(a)stand logistics, we look at approximately logistics researchs for example a typical question is about where to ascertain the raw material needed.Raw material may be in different places. Some places great power shake up different quality and prices. The loss amid that place and the production energy be different and at that placefore remonstration metre and embody might be different. Where to invent energy supply? comminute supply? Should you move your factory offshore to benefit cheap labor? If you do that be careful that mettlesome prices might watch to be nonrecreational on other serve for example canalizeation. Where to set up production bases? In institutionaliseping, where should the port be set(p)? Where to build wareho using up and diffusion affectionateness. E. . Toyota car has their distribution summation for the Nordic countries at the port of Mammal. Before that they had centre in all the countries. So many distribution centre, different logistics address than if there is a concentration of activities. Where to take in branch plaques? The answers consider a lot of activities including shiftation. We are in maritime post so we are affected by the nodes decision. Other types of logistics questions for ex. How to hold from A to B and choice of manoeuvre mode air sea, road. Egg. Oslo to Mammal road, sea. Air, rail.Different modes of glamour have different logistics implications. Ex theater trips logistics question, how to transport students sea (too long), air, road, rail. How to transport container? Hub and spoke benefit from economies of scale. More cargo handling appeals. The best solution must(prenominal) be a logistics solution. Best authority to transport cargo fr om A to B. Flow and storage from point of origin to destination to comply with lymph nodes requirement. Moving from A to B different options different solution. When should transport start how long should it take. Route? Storage? How, when needed?Mat of cargo to be transported at one time? Economies of scale? Packing needed? Logistics is everywhere. granger from southern Sweden demoralise fertilizer in Sweden, buy from Germany (expensive land transport), buy from US where its lots cheaper, but he has to pay to a greater extent transportation follow. Where to find the material? Emphasis is on maritime transport movement of goods. Shipping co. Transport goods need info to do so. Port and shipping concerned with period and storage of goods. October 28, 2008 Session 2 Slide Logistics/ apprehension 9 There always has to be a logistics concept. And a logistics concept is what?Its about l block up make up concept. This is the most primary(prenominal) concept. It looks prosp ering but issue forth hail concept is not always observed, so people make mistakes as a result. It is a customer service requirement. Logistics concept is also about outsourcing, integration, global about concept, it is also about processes. The processes we call drivers. It drives the logistics process. It cant all be about concept. It has to be something tangible. Logistics is about processes. We are doing these everyday, ex. Manufacturing and transportation, distribution, stock-take control, procurement.These are all activities, but the difference between these and logistics are that we are doing these in an co-ordinated manner under the concept of logistics. So we have the concept and the drivers. The difference between these activities and logistics, we are doing them under the natural appeal and the customer service concept, so this is relatively new. Third is IT. We call IT enablers that enables us to do the processes under the concept of logistics. Some time we cant do the processes (drivers) without IT. Ex. Dell computers. They obtained their competitive edge from logistics.Logistics substance to get a computer from the production to the customers without any retailers. No middlemen. Order on marge, stick out own computer. The aim of logistics is to minimize the total appeal. female genital organ only do this with IT tools. So the triple components have to come together victimization the IT tools. We need to understand the role of IT in the whole process. Ex. Just in Time system. This is line control under the concept of egoistic using breeding technology. The 3 components have to work together. How do we take all these becomes (MFC, transportation, distribution, warehousing, etc. In an integrated manner under the concept of logistics using IT tools. Ex. Individual preservation. Concept is to minimize total equal. Total toll is manufacturing, transport, didst. , etc. How do we minimize that? Use IT. Dell used IT to find out that the ir total bell volition be minimized if they cut out the middle man. IT enables the cutting out of the middle man. Good online service. Shipping line is not making anything it is a part of transport. Shipping companies as a company have logistics problems also. Shipping has a double role to play.Shipping is a part of the logistics chain of a customer, but at the aforesaid(prenominal) time they have their own logistics problem. Shippings logistics problems include arranging bunkers, choosing port of call, types of service to provide, empty container bear awayment, repositioning of containers, terminal logistics, fleet logistics, agency logistics, but shipping as a service provider is part of the logistics of customers. Ex. KEA furniture maker shipping important. Shipping has a double role to play. Ex. Wimps logistics service. Logistics in third world countries is not good enough. Read World Bank Report.The three components of logistics are important. Dell manages their total co st through logistics, so does Wall-Mart. All the processes have to be IT enabled. Control-implementation-control. HP has a fixed model on the shelf. Dell, make your own different customer service. unity is enabled by IT. Logistics has 3 components concept, process, IT. Slide logistics/Concept 10 add chain different sources to choose from. Take one and then the next step and the next. This is the strike of cargo from origin to destination the break away of information from user to origin. teaching cling and cargo fuse go in opposite directions.Ex. Dell the information goes from the customer to Dell and the cargo from Dell to the customer. How leave alone the producer know what kind of products the consumer will need? The consumer will have to tell. Opposite directions. Dell transport one computer to each customer so the customer pays more for transportation, but other cost like the shops and overhead related costs do not exist. If we compare this cost with the cost is v ery important. Total cost concept can be erupt understood by looking at swerve Logistics/Concept 1 1 . This is a Total cost in Logistics and Supply Chain dodging.Marketing and logistics are closely related. This picture is very true. What is marketing? It is about the 4 As product, price, promotion, place. So in this marketing there is one component about place which is about logistics. In the logistics about the place and the customer service (where the customer wants the cargo to be) and there are other cost elements. Ex. Related to place, transport cost has to be incurred also warehousing cost, flow and storage. Other costs like memorandum costs will be incurred. What is the difference between inventory cost and warehousing cost inventory cost for keeping goods in stock).Inventory cost is the repute of the goods. Books for new WHIM students cost of book (inventory) plus storage (warehousing). Processing and information cost each time we order, we have to follow procedu re, fill in forms, etc. Processing cost can be high. Egg. When we are transporting our boxes home, have to have bill of lading. This has a cost (processing and information cost). Lot quantity cost economies of scale. Purchasing/transporting/ purchasing a big amount and will benefit from economies of scale, this is called lot quantities. Put all these 5 elements together and this is total cost.The objective of logistics is not to optimize a cost element, its not to minimize a cost element, but rather to optimize the total cost and minimize the total cost. denigrate the total cost this is what logistics is all about. This is easier said than done. fit, the idea is to reduce the inventory cost to zero if possible. At the same time warehousing cost is universe reduced this is a good system. What other cost will be affected transport cost. All these cost elements are interrelated and interdep deceaseent. So interaction and interdependence are also important.Change of inventory wi ll affect transport cost, lot quantity cost, etc. turnout system for example daily consumption of rice. Lets say we eat globe of rice each time. Based on KIT, each time we need rice, we should buy only en. Do we do this? No, then against KIT doctrine. We buy 200 kilos 2 cost occur inventory cost and the money spent on the rice cannot be used (capital even up cash flow problem). If this money was put in the bank it would generate some interest. Where is the rice put? The place occupied by the rice cant be used for something else.In production if you buy too much to get economies of scale from purchasing, well incur a high inventory cost. If we are not buying kilos, we buy a quantity in between say 2 kilo. Optimal total cost. If we buy egg each time inventory cost is zero have to buy each time we need to cost. That is time and transport cost. Lot quantity cost will change as there is no savings to be got through economies of scale. And each time we buy there are other costs like information and processing (maybe not in the case of rice, but generally). Put all these costs together, and find a good place in between. We do this by Cost trade in-off.Cost Trade Off Slide Ex. Manufacturing activity involves making projectors in Mammal, Sweden and need to supply them to the rest of europium. No distribution centre, or warehouses, or depots, o because we cover the completed Europe, each time we have an order from someplace in Europe, we pack the projector and send it off. What do we and inventory, we do not keep inventory. What do we have to spend more transportation cost will be very expensive. We whence have to find out if we have a warehouse somewhere in them from Mammal to the customer we send it from that storage which is closer so we save transportation cost.How many such(prenominal) warehouses we need to cover Europe? It depends on the elements transport, inventory, lot quantity, warehouse costs. In optimizing all these costs together is a logi stics decision. Ex. In the case of the depots, we might have 8, 10, 12 to cover the good Europe. What cost elements we have in the case of the distribution of projectors in Europe. First the systems cost, the processing and information cost. When there is a centre there needs to be a computer system, a financial system, etc. If there is no centre, the system cost is very low.The more centre, the high the system cost and this is a storage cost. If there is only one storage at the headquarters in Mammal, the cost would be relatively low. As the numbers of depots are beingness emergence the storage cost will be very high. Inventory cost more depots, more stock high inventory cost. Trucking cost direct has trunk and branches. Trunk means main transportation, branches mean local delivery. Transport cargo from production to main distribution centre = trunk transport and then from distribution centre to each one-on-one apartments = local delivery.Trucking cost the more centre, t he more trucking cost. If there are no depots, each time to ship from mammal to each individual location will be very high. The more depots, the less the local delivery cost will be. The total distribution cost is the addition of all cost, this is what we call total logistics cost. When we have the total logistics cost curve it corresponds to the number 8 meaning there should be octet distribution centre. So this is the solution 8 centre. As costs change, oil, etc, the optimal numbers of centre will change. Its not static, its dynamic (the Total Didst. Curve).Logistics one has to plan, implement, control. If the individual costs are changed then total cost will be different high/low. E. G. If the interest becomes low inventory cost will be affected as the capital will become cheap. If oil cost increase, interest rate decrease could end up with more centre which means saving more rainspout cost, esp.. Local delivery cost. Transport cost in total will be less. Inventory cost is dependent on interest rates. May have 9/10 depots. of depots depend on cost elements. Cost trade off is important. With depots total cost is dispirit, so this will save cost.Having depot is a cost but the cost is lower than not to have them. E. G. KEA used to rent warehouses, now they build benefit of depreciation. following Slide Logistics cost in the USA Logistics cost include transportation cost, inventory, warehousing, distributing, etc. How much logistics cost people pay as a lot of a country GAP 10% in the US. Inventory cost increase faster than the transportation cost bet. 1980 and 2005- wherefore? Better inventory control, interest rate lower so inventory cost lower. Interest was low in the rest of the world until about 2005. Deflation = lower inventory cost.In other countries this division is much higher. China 18% of GAP spent on logistics (used to be 20%). China is more represendative of exploitation countries. So in developing countries logistics systems are no t as efficient as those in industrialized countries. 9. 5% is similar in Europe and Japan (COED countries). In developing countries its much higher. Includes all logistics cost element transport, inventory, etc. big room for improvement. Next slide customer service is another(prenominal) concept. Customer service is the output of logistic base, instruction execution-based, philosophy based.Activity based e. G. After sales service, marketing, public relations. Performance based what is the standard? Ex. Dell computer is performance based, delivered in 48 hours performance-based customer service. Can be measured. Ex. , ports waiting time for ships rush. Philosophy based on what customers require is the customer service according to customers attempt before, during, and after transaction. What is transaction? Buy goods, pay. Customer service can take place before this, during, after. Changes in CSS level affect total logistics cost. Next slide CSS High, Low.Cost Low/High t he higher the customer service level, the higher the cost. No ship should wait in port for more than 3 hours. This will cost a lot of money will have to build more berths. Define customer service level. Try to minimize total cost based on this pre-condition. Why CSS level increase and inventory level affected. The higher the CSS, the higher the inventory level. Goal increased SSL, so high inventory level. Its a decision the company makes customer service level is very important. (Refers to graph on the right) Try to find a way to drive the line by introducing a better way of production e. . Using IT, new production method. Reduce cost but still assemble goal IT, use better system. Next slide industry norm, etc. Customers response to stock out. Is a risk being run of losing the customer? All different ways to define the customer service level. KIT System Developed by Toyota. Called the Kanata system. When a container of parts is chosen to be used from inbound stockinet in-out in -out This is the production. Eng the assembly line how do you get different puts to work together in harmony. The system has two cards. KIT works with 2 cards the move cards and the production cards. Hen you see the move card, time to move the container or the other card, time to produce. Work centre 1 the card moves along the production line from one work centre to the next. Toyota manage to have minimum inventory along the assembly line. They have one container of part. Cards are turning well-nigh and the parts are being go from one centre to another. For logistics a better understanding of Just in time is very important. 9 fingerstall 2008 There are two circulations of cards. How do the 2 circulations make the KIT system work? Why does it work? Key elements to reduce inventory therefore reduces the capital tied up in inventory.Planning, staff commitment including suppliers, suppliers ability to meet the demand. Some inventory is kept because there is a container. One pitch a t a time is being used from the container so the rest must be inventory. What is the average inventory? What is the customer requirement? Its the surface of the container. The container is honest how big is the container. How is the surface of the container defined? The size of the container is planned based on production. Supply 20 units at the beginning and then its consumed and a new container comes. The container is consumed during a cycle. The cycle is the time needed.The average inventory is a half of the container what ever the amount it contains. common KIT, there should be no inventory so why is inventory kept? When we need egg rice why dont we get exactly that? Other costs would increase too much. KIT to keep as little inventory as possible. The size of the container depends on what? Transportation two dont match then the size of the container needs to be changed. If the transport sakes more time then increase the size of the container and vice versa. Transport time important. Volvo had KIT between Gent and Mammal. How much inventory should be in the Volvo factory in inventory?A lot. Why? engine parts are made in Sweden to be used in Belgium. This transport takes one week by ship. As it takes one week, there should at least be spare parts for one week. Toyota has KIT. In the city of Toyota in Japan within 30 kilometers of the factory all Toyota parts are made there. This is the perfect KIT system. KIT emphasizes the reliability of the transport system. The two containers must have the same co-ordinated size. If parts cant be produced in time, the go-cart must be moved earlier. At the moment one container is taken to the in stock point, another container load of part should be produced.Suppose the production takes more time than when one cart comes back? Egg. If production takes 20 hours, parts can be made in 10 hrs. The time information is sent information flow is the key. Plan to know how long production will take. In Japan, transport is gu aranteed (Toyota). What is supplier commitment? Shortcomings of the KIT system? Now we come in we only need 20 parts in 10 hours, how about if the demand change and we need 30 parts in 10 hours. If the festinate of production is variable the whole system is challenged. If the demand is certain/flexed then it can be planned production rate and transportation.But what if production rate changes? This is a challenge for some of the production down the line that may need more time and material which might have to come from far. Not easy to adjust production. Shortcomings Does only one supplier have to be used with KIT? No, Honda uses more than one supplier. In KIT, anything that goes wrong will collapse the entire system. In KIT the entire chain has to be KIT, it cant be at only one stage of the production. If not it forces other suppliers downs the line to keep inventory. KIT of big companies push inventory down the line if the dont plan effectively.Because small suppliers want to satisfy big companies, they are forced to keep inventory. KIT has to be along the entire supply chain. KIT may be only at the very large suppliers who push the inventory down the line to smaller suppliers. Toyota case 1/52 weeks car production stopped because of a fire at one supplier ripple effect. The decision of Toyota to do postcode was based on the total minimum cost of they did various studies. CCITT Case The reliability of transportation and the uncertainty factors make logistics system key. The importance of information. Logistics concept drivers enablers, under total cost and customer level.KIT will never work without IT. Everything works together with IT supporting the processes under total cost and customer level. The process, concept or IT cannot work calvely. Information is critical for success as well as the reliability of demand. Forecast and planning important to know when demand change. Transportation is also important for this system. If the transport distance i s long, the container has to be big. The size of the container is influenced by time (transport). Transport is via sea only use air in case of emergency. If transport takes a long time or is unreliable then more inventory needs to be kept.Gent is the biggest Volvo manufacturer. Terrines transport the parts from Sweden to Belgium. The shorter the interval of the shipping service, the lower the level of inventory required. This can make the transport expensive. So its the total cost that is important that will Supply chain 2 definitions (see slide) its a network, not port to port. In logistics there is no procurement. The 2 key words in logistics are flow and storage. Supply chain includes manufacture. Transformation = manufacturing. 1st law of nature of dynamics dont create anything, only change the form. Supply chain includes much more than logistics.Logistics narrowly defined. Supply chain is broader. Procurement also concerned with about origin of the goods. Optimization Integr ation Collaboration Synchronization Optimization optimize one stage, the entire thing is not optimized so integration has to take place then consolidation then synchronization (concerted manner, happening in the same time). Relationship along supply chain. place from optimization to synchronization. The idea of supply chain is relatively recent compared to logistics. 1960/ass people start to talk about total cost. E. G. In stage one warehousing and transport are separate functions.Management focus was operations performance. No integration. Logistics integrated both to see how they can be optimized. This is called total cost management. So the focus changed to optimizing total cost and customer service. Customer service put together with cost. Organization design is a centralized function. 80,s integrated logistics function. This moved directly to supply chain MGM. Put logistics together to get supply chain. Supply chain broader than logistics. Stage 1 -separately treated, not op timized. Optimization done within the company. perfect internal functions transportation and inventory.Intra company and intra structural. This function is a logistics function. The logistics function today is moving still in the company but inter functional. Everything in the company put together integration. Toyota inter company higher level of integration. Toyota owns the supplier easier to do KIT. Companies are integrated supply chain Inter company and inter functional. Dell and their suppliers are integrated. Also Wall-Mart. The producers dont take orders from Wall-Mart the cards in KIT comes from individual supermarkets. Producers can check storage level of Wall-Mart outlets.Everything is totally integrated. No personal encumbrance to place order etc. The system is integrated good supply chain inter company. Next Slide From fragmented logistics to integrated supply chain. In the fist stage do one function at a time inventory or warehouse or transport. In the later stage, intra functional the whole function optimized. From fragmented logistics to integrated SCM. Suppliers, manufacturer, distributor, retailer, customer are all integrated with he other functions in the company and go to the next stage you integrate between the functions in the companies and between the companies.This is interception and will become in the true sense a supply chain. Supply chain broader today than the logistics. SC have to work with other companies. To satisfy your customers require more than one company need supplier, manufacturer, distributor, and retailer. E. G. Markers their system integrated with some of their key customers key client management. Copras definition of supply chain. Within an organization there is a supply chain. Egg. WHOM, teaching, supply services, library, canteen, etc. Al depots. Work together to satisfy customer. SC decisions have to have supply chain design and system.Strategic level, medium term, short term operational, daily and based on the companys competitive strategy. Michael porter define competitive strategy in terms of product specialization or cost cutting leadership. How to achieve strategy SC strategy. Balance bet. strength and responsiveness. How to respond to demand? Efficiency includes cost-effectiveness, I. E. Cheap. Fast response this is provided at a cost. Efficiency might compromise cost. Decision making is from lower level to higher. Many competitive strategies come from SC strategy. Wall-Mart is from logistics.Dell is from Supply chain Beer game once demand is variable SC difficult to maintain. KIT difficult to maintain. Long time to reach an equilibrium. In the end have to keep large inventory. at one time demand is unstable KIT is not suitable. SC Design. Planning is important. SC design is about planning. When suppliers design their supply chain maritime and port services is a part of that. So mapping is important. Stockholders point is storage. Horizontal line represents move. Whe n it stops vertical lines = storage or waiting. Egg. BBC container tracking. This is SC mapping.Horizontal line is lead-time (time from production centre 1 to production centre 2). Lead time depends on inventory to determine when order is to be placed. SC starts from the fiber and end with the clothes on the shelf. Through this we see pipeline length and volume. E. G, coca cola. Postponement of safety stock What is postponement? H and Ezra they use postponement principle. Clothes must be in fashion. Dont know faction of 09. Try to postpone as much as possible the manufacturing time. Forecast, ii, postpone. Dell also uses this strategy. Dont develop their machines until last moment.Can use the latest technology and the price gets cheaper. Anticipate time needed and kind of product needed. Decision is postponed to the last moment. Postponement principle can reduce stock. Has bearing on transport too. Better information flow will impact SC. Next slide Sometimes for material flow ha sten might not be appreciated. Transport is used as storage to adjust transport time to match with performance. Sometimes its because of the price. E. G. Iron ore in China, there is too much now. Information speed is always good but for material sometimes it needs to be fast and other times not so fast.Compression of lead-time in manufacturing activity. Supply chain map length (vertical) volume (horizontal) try to compress it to see possibilities to reduce some of the variable. Ocean transport cant be adjusted as speed cant be reduced. SC design. Lead-time is transport. Port of Amsterdam case study summary Market research likelihood to attract new carriers / guarantee balance and supply (elasticity). When port built no congestion in Europe more port than ships. Impossible to get stanch commitment plenty choices. More supply than demand. Demand price inelastic. Shipping companies never give guarantees.Optimization, integration, collaboration, synchronization. Have to synchroni ze. Increase speed of one operations but the speed of other things remained unchanged. No synchronization. If the execute boxes cannot be moved this is a logistics problem. The concept of logistics most important total cost. Port of Amsterdam forgot total cost. Typical failure case that should never have been done. Restricted berths bigger ships cannot fit in today size is restrictive. How wide and long should ship be. (Panama Canal has size restriction and is thus a diffidence ships in the AsianLogistic Inventory and Total Logistics CostSupply chain is a network of logistic systems. Logistics concerns one companys system. Supply chain includes different companies. E. G. Dell computer the logistics is Just their company but the supply chain includes all the part suppliers. Their logistics system is a part of dells supply chain. It includes also the retailers and supplier. Other companys logistics included in Dells supply chain. Logistics is an early version of the supply chai n. Logistics originated in the US military. Flow of cargo (people, weapon in war is logistics. ) Organizing a course/seminar logistics needed for success.Today all the successful companies find their competitiveness from logistics, not from the product itself. E. G. Walter (retailer, wholesaler, supermarket chain) their competitive edge comes from logistics. They are not selling anything different from others. They have a superior logistics system. Logistics make them succeed. Dell also, service is good, price attractive success comes from logistics. Another definition people define logistics differently but they mean the same thing. Slide Logistics/Concept 4 Instead of saying process, they say optimization, etc. Process of location.Says movement and storage of resources instead of saying goods/services and information. They call logistic activities economic activities. Transport is one of then, port services, production, storage, distribution, etc. take place bet. The point of origin and point of destination and consumption. Logistics is about the 5 RSI. What are the 5 RSI? Logistics is about getting right goods at right place at right time in right form at right price. Military is really about this. In commercial entities we emphasize on the price a lot. This is also the definition of logistics.Right goods, right in quality in correct quantity. Different level of logistics. In-bound, out-bound logistics. Logistics of production (table, book, car, etc. ), there are two levels of logistics. Logistics within the production process in the factory. How do you optimize the production within the factory? We call this operational logistics or workers together. How do you put temporary storage along the assembly line? All this is logistics. E. G. WHIM library lack of space. How to maximize space? Library space layout. Its about logistics. Different factories have different layouts this is logistics.We are interested in logistics before the production starts. T he cargo coming into the factory and when the production is finished, the cargo moving out to the next step all towards the final consumption. This is what we call in-bound and out-bound logistics. This is what we are interested in. Maritime transport takes part in inbound and out-bound logistics than for production logistics. We are interested in how to move material to production and from production to consumers. When we try to understand logistics, we look at some logistics questions for example a typical question is about where to find the raw material needed.Raw material may be in different places. Some places might have different quality and prices. The difference between that place and the production might be different and therefore remonstration time and cost might be different. Where to find energy supply? Labor supply? Should you move your factory offshore to benefit cheap labor? If you do that be careful that higher prices might have to be paid on other services for exam ple transportation. Where to set up production bases? In shipping, where should the port be located? Where to build warehouse and distribution centre. E. . Toyota car has their distribution centre for the Nordic countries at the port of Mammal. Before that they had centre in all the countries. So many distribution centre, different logistics cost than if there is a concentration of activities. Where to have branch organizations? The answers consider a lot of activities including transportation. We are in maritime transport so we are affected by the customers decision. Other types of logistics questions for ex. How to transport from A to B and choice of transport mode air sea, road. Egg. Oslo to Mammal road, sea. Air, rail.Different modes of transport have different logistics implications. Ex field trips logistics question, how to transport students sea (too long), air, road, rail. How to transport container? Hub and spoke benefit from economies of scale. More cargo handling cos ts. The best solution must be a logistics solution. Best way to transport cargo from A to B. Flow and storage from point of origin to destination to comply with customers requirement. Moving from A to B different options different solution. When should transport start how long should it take. Route? Storage? How, when needed?Mat of cargo to be transported at one time? Economies of scale? Packing needed? Logistics is everywhere. Farmer from southern Sweden buy fertilizer in Sweden, buy from Germany (expensive land transport), buy from US where its much cheaper, but he has to pay more transportation cost. Where to find the material? Emphasis is on maritime transport movement of goods. Shipping co. Transport goods need info to do so. Port and shipping concerned with flow and storage of goods. October 28, 2008 Session 2 Slide Logistics/Concept 9 There always has to be a logistics concept. And a logistics concept is what?Its about total cost concept. This is the most important conce pt. It looks easy but total cost concept is not always observed, so people make mistakes as a result. It is a customer service requirement. Logistics concept is also about outsourcing, integration, global about concept, it is also about processes. The processes we call drivers. It drives the logistics process. It cant all be about concept. It has to be something tangible. Logistics is about processes. We are doing these everyday, ex. Manufacturing and transportation, distribution, inventory control, procurement.These are all activities, but the difference between these and logistics are that we are doing these in an integrated manner under the concept of logistics. So we have the concept and the drivers. The difference between these activities and logistics, we are doing them under the total cost and the customer service concept, so this is relatively new. Third is IT. We call IT enablers that enables us to do the processes under the concept of logistics. Sometimes we cant do the p rocesses (drivers) without IT. Ex. Dell computers. They obtained their competitive edge from logistics.Logistics means to get a computer from the production to the customers without any retailers. No middlemen. Order online, design own computer. The aim of logistics is to minimize the total cost. Can only do this with IT tools. So the three components have to come together using the IT tools. We need to understand the role of IT in the whole process. Ex. Just in Time system. This is Inventory control under the concept of egoistic using information technology. The 3 components have to work together. How do we take all these functions (MFC, transportation, distribution, warehousing, etc. In an integrated manner under the concept of logistics using IT tools. Ex. Individual delivery. Concept is to minimize total cost. Total cost is manufacturing, transport, didst. , etc. How do we minimize that? Use IT. Dell used IT to find out that their total cost will be minimized if they cut out the middle man. IT enables the cutting out of the middle man. Good online service. Shipping line is not making anything it is a part of transport. Shipping companies as a company have logistics problems also. Shipping has a double role to play.Shipping is a part of the logistics chain of a customer, but at the same time they have their own logistics problem. Shippings logistics problems include arranging bunkers, choosing port of call, types of service to provide, empty container management, repositioning of containers, terminal logistics, fleet logistics, agency logistics, but shipping as a service provider is part of the logistics of customers. Ex. KEA furniture maker shipping important. Shipping has a double role to play. Ex. Wimps logistics service. Logistics in third world countries is not good enough. Read World Bank Report.The three components of logistics are important. Dell manages their total cost through logistics, so does Wall-Mart. All the processes have to be IT enable d. Control-implementation-control. HP has a fixed model on the shelf. Dell, make your own different customer service. One is enabled by IT. Logistics has 3 components concept, process, IT. Slide logistics/Concept 10 Supply chain different sources to choose from. Take one then the next step and the next. This is the flow of cargo from origin to destination the flow of information from user to origin. Information flow and cargo flow go in opposite directions.Ex. Dell the information goes from the customer to Dell and the cargo from Dell to the customer. How will the producer know what kind of products the consumer will need? The consumer will have to tell. Opposite directions. Dell transport one computer to each customer so the customer pays more for transportation, but other costs like the shops and overhead related costs do not exist. If we compare this cost with the cost is very important. Total cost concept can be better understood by looking at slide Logistics/Concept 1 1 . This is a Total cost in Logistics and Supply Chain System.Marketing and logistics are closely related. This picture is very true. What is marketing? It is about the 4 As product, price, promotion, place. So in this marketing there is one component about place which is about logistics. In the logistics about the place and the customer service (where the customer wants the cargo to be) and there are other cost elements. Ex. Related to place, transport cost has to be incurred also warehousing cost, flow and storage. Other costs like inventory costs will be incurred. What is the difference between inventory cost and warehousing cost inventory cost for keeping goods in stock).Inventory cost is the value of the goods. Books for new WHIM students cost of book (inventory) plus storage (warehousing). Processing and information cost each time we order, we have to follow procedure, fill in forms, etc. Processing cost can be high. Egg. When we are transporting our boxes home, have to have bill of lading. This has a cost (processing and information cost). Lot quantity cost economies of scale. Purchasing/transporting/buying a big amount and will benefit from economies of scale, this is called lot quantities. Put all these 5 elements together and this is total cost.The objective of logistics is not to optimize a cost element, its not to minimize a cost element, but rather to optimize the total cost and minimize the total cost. Minimize the total cost this is what logistics is all about. This is easier said than done. KIT, the idea is to reduce the inventory cost to zero if possible. At the same time warehousing cost is being reduced this is a good system. What other cost will be affected transport cost. All these cost elements are interrelated and interdependent. So interaction and interdependence are also important.Change of inventory will affect transport cost, lot quantity cost, etc. KIT system for example daily consumption of rice. Lets say we eat egg of rice e ach time. Based on KIT, each time we need rice, we should buy only egg. Do we do this? No, then against KIT principle. We buy 200 kilos 2 cost occur inventory cost and the money spent on the rice cannot be used (capital tied up cash flow problem). If this money was put in the bank it would generate some interest. Where is the rice put? The place occupied by the rice cant be used for something else.In production if you buy too much to get economies of scale from purchasing, well incur a high inventory cost. If we are not buying kilos, we buy a quantity in between say 2 kilo. Optimal total cost. If we buy egg each time inventory cost is zero have to buy each time we need to cost. That is time and transport cost. Lot quantity cost will change as there is no savings to be got through economies of scale. And each time we buy there are other costs like information and processing (maybe not in the case of rice, but generally). Put all these costs together, and find a good place in bet ween. We do this by Cost Trade-off.Cost Trade Off Slide Ex. Manufacturing activity involves making projectors in Mammal, Sweden and need to supply them to the rest of Europe. No distribution centre, or warehouses, or depots, o because we cover the entire Europe, each time we have an order from someplace in Europe, we pack the projector and send it off. What do we save inventory, we do not keep inventory. What do we have to spend more transportation cost will be very expensive. We therefore have to find out if we have a warehouse somewhere in them from Mammal to the customer we send it from that storage which is closer so we save transportation cost.How many such warehouses we need to cover Europe? It depends on the elements transport, inventory, lot quantity, warehouse costs. In optimizing all these costs together is a logistics decision. Ex. In the case of the depots, we might have 8, 10, 12 to cover the entire Europe. What cost elements we have in the case of the distribution of projectors in Europe. First the systems cost, the processing and information cost. When there is a centre there needs to be a computer system, a financial system, etc. If there is no centre, the system cost is very low.The more centre, the higher the system cost and this is a storage cost. If there is only one storage at the headquarters in Mammal, the cost would be relatively low. As the numbers of depots are being increased the storage cost will be very high. Inventory cost more depots, more stock higher inventory cost. Trucking cost tree has trunk and branches. Trunk means main transportation, branches mean local delivery. Transport cargo from production to main distribution centre = trunk transport and then from distribution centre to each individual apartments = local delivery.Trucking cost the more centre, the more trucking cost. If there are no depots, each time to ship from mammal to each individual location will be very high. The more depots, the less the local deliver y cost will be. The total distribution cost is the addition of all cost, this is what we call total logistics cost. When we have the total logistics cost curve it corresponds to the number 8 meaning there should be eight distribution centre. So this is the solution 8 centre. As costs change, oil, etc, the optimal numbers of centre will change. Its not static, its dynamic (the Total Didst. Curve).Logistics one has to plan, implement, control. If the individual costs are changed then total cost will be different high/low. E. G. If the interest becomes low inventory cost will be affected as the capital will become cheap. If oil cost increase, interest rate decrease could end up with more centre which means saving more rainspout cost, esp.. Local delivery cost. Transport cost in total will be less. Inventory cost is dependent on interest rates. May have 9/10 depots. of depots depend on cost elements. Cost trade off is important. With depots total cost is lower, so this will save c ost.Having depot is a cost but the cost is lower than not to have them. E. G. KEA used to rent warehouses, now they build benefit of depreciation. Next Slide Logistics cost in the USA Logistics cost include transportation cost, inventory, warehousing, distributing, etc. How much logistics cost people pay as a percentage of a country GAP 10% in the US. Inventory cost increase faster than the transportation cost bet. 1980 and 2005- why? Better inventory control, interest rate lower so inventory cost lower. Interest was low in the rest of the world until about 2005. Deflation = lower inventory cost.In other countries this percentage is much higher. China 18% of GAP spent on logistics (used to be 20%). China is more interpretive program of developing countries. So in developing countries logistics systems are not as efficient as those in industrialized countries. 9. 5% is similar in Europe and Japan (COED countries). In developing countries its much higher. Includes all logistics co st element transport, inventory, etc. big room for improvement. Next slide Customer service is another concept. Customer service is the output of logistic based, performance-based, philosophy based.Activity based e. G. After sales service, marketing, public relations. Performance based what is the standard? Ex. Dell computer is performance based, delivered in 48 hours performance-based customer service. Can be measured. Ex. , ports waiting time for ships rush. Philosophy based on what customers require is the customer service according to customers taste before, during, and after transaction. What is transaction? Buy goods, pay. Customer service can take place before this, during, after. Changes in CSS level affect total logistics cost. Next slide CSS High, Low.Cost Low/High the higher the customer service level, the higher the cost. No ship should wait in port for more than 3 hours. This will cost a lot of money will have to build more berths. Define customer service leve l. Try to minimize total cost based on this pre-condition. Why CSS level increase and inventory level affected. The higher the CSS, the higher the inventory level. Goal increased SSL, so high inventory level. Its a decision the company makes customer service level is very important. (Refers to graph on the right) Try to find a way to push the line by introducing a better way of production e. . Using IT, new production method. Reduce cost but still satisfy goal IT, use better system. Next slide industry norm, etc. Customers response to stock out. Is a risk being run of losing the customer? All different ways to define the customer service level. KIT System Developed by Toyota. Called the Kanata system. When a container of parts is chosen to be used from inbound stockinet in-out in-out This is the production. Eng the assembly line how do you get different stages to work together in harmony. The system has two cards. KIT works with 2 cards the move cards and the production cards. He n you see the move card, time to move the container or the other card, time to produce. Work centre 1 the card moves along the production line from one work centre to the next. Toyota manage to have minimum inventory along the assembly line. They have one container of part. Cards are turning around and the parts are being moved from one centre to another. For logistics a better understanding of Just in time is very important. 9 Cot 2008 There are two circulations of cards. How do the 2 circulations make the KIT system work? Why does it work? Key elements to reduce inventory therefore reduces the capital tied up in inventory.Planning, staff commitment including suppliers, suppliers ability to meet the demand. Some inventory is kept because there is a container. One piece at a time is being used from the container so the rest must be inventory. What is the average inventory? What is the customer requirement? Its the size of the container. The container is full how big is the containe r. How is the size of the container defined? The size of the container is planned based on production. Supply 20 units at the beginning and then its consumed and a new container comes. The container is consumed during a cycle. The cycle is the time needed.The average inventory is a half of the container what ever the amount it contains. Typical KIT, there should be no inventory so why is inventory kept? When we need egg rice why dont we get exactly that? Other costs would increase too much. KIT to keep as little inventory as possible. The size of the container depends on what? Transportation two dont match then the size of the container needs to be changed. If the transport sakes more time then increase the size of the container and vice versa. Transport time important. Volvo had KIT between Gent and Mammal. How much inventory should be in the Volvo factory in inventory?A lot. Why? Engine parts are made in Sweden to be used in Belgium. This transport takes one week by ship. As it t akes one week, there should at least be spare parts for one week. Toyota has KIT. In the city of Toyota in Japan within 30 kilometers of the factory all Toyota parts are made there. This is the perfect KIT system. KIT emphasizes the reliability of the transport system. The two containers must have the same matching size. If parts cant be produced in time, the cart must be moved earlier. At the moment one container is taken to the in stock point, another container load of part should be produced.Suppose the production takes more time than when one cart comes back? Egg. If production takes 20 hours, parts can be made in 10 hrs. The time information is sent information flow is the key. Plan to know how long production will take. In Japan, transport is guaranteed (Toyota). What is supplier commitment? Shortcomings of the KIT system? Now we assume we only need 20 parts in 10 hours, how about if the demand change and we need 30 parts in 10 hours. If the speed of production is variable th e whole system is challenged. If the demand is certain/flexed then it can be planned production rate and transportation.But what if production rate changes? This is a challenge for some of the production down the line that may need more time and material which might have to come from far. Not easy to adjust production. Shortcomings Does only one supplier have to be used with KIT? No, Honda uses more than one supplier. In KIT, anything that goes wrong will collapse the entire system. In KIT the entire chain has to be KIT, it cant be at only one stage of the production. If not it forces other suppliers downs the line to keep inventory. KIT of big companies push inventory down the line if the dont plan effectively.Because smaller suppliers want to satisfy big companies, they are forced to keep inventory. KIT has to be along the entire supply chain. KIT may be only at the very large suppliers who push the inventory down the line to smaller suppliers. Toyota case 1/52 weeks car producti on stopped because of a fire at one supplier ripple effect. The decision of Toyota to do nothing was based on the total minimum cost of they did various studies. CCITT Case The reliability of transportation and the uncertainty factors make logistics system key. The importance of information. Logistics concept drivers enablers, under total cost and customer level.KIT will never work without IT. Everything works together with IT supporting the processes under total cost and customer level. The process, concept or IT cannot work separately. Information is critical for success as well as the reliability of demand. Forecast and planning important to know when demand change. Transportation is also important for this system. If the transport distance is long, the container has to be big. The size of the container is influenced by time (transport). Transport is via sea only use air in case of emergency. If transport takes a long time or is unreliable then more inventory needs to be kept.G ent is the biggest Volvo manufacturer. Terrines transport the parts from Sweden to Belgium. The shorter the interval of the shipping service, the lower the level of inventory required. This can make the transport expensive. So its the total cost that is important that will Supply chain 2 definitions (see slide) its a network, not port to port. In logistics there is no procurement. The 2 key words in logistics are flow and storage. Supply chain includes manufacture. Transformation = manufacturing. 1st law of dynamics dont create anything, only change the form. Supply chain includes much more than logistics.Logistics narrowly defined. Supply chain is broader. Procurement also concerned with about origin of the goods. Optimization Integration Collaboration Synchronization Optimization optimize one stage, the entire thing is not optimized so integration has to take place then consolidation then synchronization (concerted manner, happening in the same time). Relationship along supply c hain. Start from optimization to synchronization. The idea of supply chain is relatively recent compared to logistics. 1960/ass people start to talk about total cost. E. G. In stage one warehousing and transport are separate functions.Management focus was operations performance. No integration. Logistics integrated both to see how they can be optimized. This is called total cost management. So the focus changed to optimizing total cost and customer service. Customer service put together with cost. Organization design is a centralized function. 80,s integrated logistics function. This moved today to supply chain MGM. Put logistics together to get supply chain. Supply chain broader than logistics. Stage 1 -separately treated, not optimized. Optimization done within the company. Optimize internal functions transportation and inventory.Intra company and intra functional. This function is a logistics function. The logistics function today is moving still in the company but inter functio nal. Everything in the company put together integration. Toyota inter company higher level of integration. Toyota owns the supplier easier to do KIT. Companies are integrated supply chain Inter company and inter functional. Dell and their suppliers are integrated. Also Wall-Mart. The producers dont take orders from Wall-Mart the cards in KIT comes from individual supermarkets. Producers can check storage level of Wall-Mart outlets.Everything is totally integrated. No personal intervention to place order etc. The system is integrated good supply chain inter company. Next Slide From fragmented logistics to integrated supply chain. In the fist stage do one function at a time inventory or warehouse or transport. In the later stage, intra functional the whole function optimized. From fragmented logistics to integrated SCM. Suppliers, manufacturer, distributor, retailer, customer are all integrated with he other functions in the company and go to the next stage you integrate betw een the functions in the companies and between the companies.This is interception and will become in the true sense a supply chain. Supply chain broader today than the logistics. SC have to work with other companies. To satisfy your customers require more than one company need supplier, manufacturer, distributor, and retailer. E. G. Markers their system integrated with some of their key customers key client management. Copras definition of supply chain. Within an organization there is a supply chain. Egg. WHOM, teaching, supply services, library, canteen, etc. Al depots. Work together to satisfy customer. SC decisions have to have supply chain design and strategy.Strategic level, medium term, short term operational, daily and based on the companys competitive strategy. Michael porter define competitive strategy in terms of product differentiation or cost cutting leadership. How to achieve strategy SC strategy. Balance bet. Efficiency and responsiveness. How to respond to demand? Efficiency includes cost-effectiveness, I. E. Cheap. Fast response this is provided at a cost. Efficiency might compromise cost. Decision making is from lower level to higher. Many competitive strategies come from SC strategy. Wall-Mart is from logistics.Dell is from Supply chain Beer game Once demand is variable SC difficult to maintain. KIT difficult to maintain. Long time to reach an equilibrium. In the end have to keep large inventory. Once demand is unstable KIT is not suitable. SC Design. Planning is important. SC design is about planning. When suppliers design their supply chain maritime and port services is a part of that. So mapping is important. Stockholders point is storage. Horizontal line represents move. When it stops vertical lines = storage or waiting. Egg. BBC container tracking. This is SC mapping.Horizontal line is lead-time (time from production centre 1 to production centre 2). Lead time depends on inventory to determine when order is to be placed. SC starts from the fiber and end with the clothes on the shelf. Through this we see pipeline length and volume. E. G, coca cola. Postponement of safety stock What is postponement? H and Ezra they use postponement principle. Clothes must be in fashion. Dont know faction of 09. Try to postpone as much as possible the manufacturing time. Forecast, ii, postpone. Dell also uses this strategy. Dont develop their machines until last moment.Can use the latest technology and the price gets cheaper. Anticipate time needed and kind of product needed. Decision is postponed to the last moment. Postponement principle can reduce stock. Has bearing on transport too. Better information flow will impact SC. Next slide Sometimes for material flow speed might not be appreciated. Transport is used as storage to adjust transport time to match with performance. Sometimes its because of the price. E. G. Iron ore in China, there is too much now. Information speed is always good but for material sometimes it needs to be fast and other times not so fast.Compression of lead-time in manufacturing activity. Supply chain map length (vertical) volume (horizontal) try to compress it to see possibilities to reduce some of the variable. Ocean transport cant be adjusted as speed cant be reduced. SC design. Lead-time is transport. Port of Amsterdam case study summary Market research likelihood to attract new carriers / guarantee balance and supply (elasticity). When port built no congestion in Europe more port than ships. Impossible to get firm commitment plenty choices. More supply than demand. Demand price inelastic. Shipping companies never give guarantees.Optimization, integration, collaboration, synchronization. Have to synchronize. Increase speed of one operations but the speed of other things remained unchanged. No synchronization. If the discharged boxes cannot be moved this is a logistics problem. The concept of logistics most important total cost. Port of Amsterdam forgot total cost. Typi cal failure case that should never have been done. Restricted berths bigger ships cannot fit in today size is restrictive. How wide and long should ship be. (Panama Canal has size restriction and is thus a constraint ships in the Asian